Thyroid Conditions
What is the thyroid and what is its function?
The thyroid is an endocrine (hormone producing) gland that is located within the neck. It is shaped like a butterfly, with 2 halves that are connected via a small bridge (isthmus). The isthmus overlies the trachea (windpipe).
The function of the thyroid is to make thyroid hormones that control the way the body uses energy. If the gland makes too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism or underactive gland), the body energy processes will slow down. Symptoms of hypothyroidism can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, hair loss, constipation, depression and abnormal menstrual cycles. Too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism or overactive gland) will make your energy processes speed up. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism can include nervousness, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, tremors, excessive sweating and weight loss. Your thyroid hormone levels can be measured with a blood test.
Illustration of the thyroid gland that is situated on the front of the trachea.
Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are overgrowths of tissue within the thyroid gland. Fortunately, the vast majority of thyroid nodules are benign and only a small percentage are malignant.
Thyroid Goitre
A goitre is an abnormally large thyroid gland that may develop due to the presence of multiple nodules (multinodular goitre, MNG) or due to diffuse enlargement of the gland.
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer happens when abnormal cells arise in the thyroid and grow out of control. There are different types of thyroid cancer, some more serious than others.
Graves’ Disease
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition in which the thyroid gland becomes hyperactive and produces too much thyroid hormone.
Parathyroid Conditions
What are parathyroid glands and what is their function?
Parathyroid glands are small glands that are normally located close to the back of the thyroid gland. Most people have 4 parathyroid glands, two on each side of the neck. In rare cases, people have more than 4 glands, and occasionally parathyroid glands are located in abnormal locations, such as elsewhere in the neck or in the chest. A normal parathyroid gland is about the size of a grain of rice.
Illustration of the parathyroid glands that are situated at the back of the thyroid gland.